Promoting Healthy Outcomes Among Youth with Multiple Risks: Innovative Approaches – A number of systematic reviews have examined the effects of various forms of residential treatment for sentenced youth, including intensive wilderness programs. Although the reviews’ assessments of program effectiveness differed—some programs showed positive effects and others showed no effects or negative effects —considerable evidence suggests that greater therapeutic time and higher-quality treatment are associated with stronger positive effects . In contrast, boot camps did not show positive effects as compared with effects from traditional detention centers for sentenced youth. Thus, one could conclude that rehabilitation-focused programs are more effective than programs relying on sanctions and punishment. The Pathways to Desistance study indicated that neither institutional placement of high-end offenders nor length of sentence were related to recidivism. However, youth who received substance abuse treatment for at least 90 days were less likely to reoffend.